The Fall of Damascus

After negotiation and siege, Damascus comes under Muslim control, becoming a major administrative center.

Renewed Campaigns in Iraq

With Syria largely secured, attention returns east as fighting intensifies against Persian armies.

Al?Qadisiyyah

A major battle near the Euphrates delivers a severe blow to Sassanian military strength.

Capture of Ctesiphon

Muslim forces enter the Persian capital, seizing immense resources and signalling the empire’s collapse.

Governing New Lands

Umar (RA) introduces systems of taxation, land management, and justice to govern vast multicultural territories.

Jerusalem

The city capitulates peacefully and comes under Muslim rule, with protections extended to its inhabitants.

Garrison Cities

New urban centres such as Kufa and Basra are established to support military and administrative needs.

The End of Persian Resistance

The Battle of Nahavand marks the final decisive defeat of the Sassanian state.

From Conquest to Stability

Expansion slows as consolidation, governance, and infrastructure become central priorities.

Law and Administration

Legal norms and record‑keeping systems are standardized across provinces.